Petroglyphs, or kii pohaku, are images and symbols carved or pecked into the surface of volcanic rocks. They can be found on all the main Hawaiian Islands, with the largest concentration on the Big Island of Hawaii. The exact age of these petroglyphs is difficult to determine, but some are believed to date back over a thousand years.
New Petroglyphs of Hawaii Discovered in 2016
Hawaiian petroglyphs come in a wide array of designs, with the most common being anthropomorphic figures, known as kanaka. These depict humans in various poses, such as standing, bending, or even surfing! Other common motifs include animals like turtles (honu), dogs (ilio), and birds (manu).
Some petroglyphs illustrate abstract geometric patterns or symbols that may have held spiritual or religious significance for the ancient Hawaiians. One example is the piko, a circular design that represents the human umbilical cord, a powerful symbol of life, birth, and genealogy. Another intriguing symbol is the maka, a series of concentric circles, which some believe represents the eye of an ancestral deity.
The Purpose of Petroglyphs
As with many ancient cultures, the purpose of these petroglyphs remains a mystery. Some researchers believe they served as a form of communication, much like early writing systems. Others theorize that the petroglyphs had religious or spiritual significance, acting as ritual sites or marking sacred spaces. There is also the possibility that these carvings served as records of important events, such as battles, migrations, or natural disasters.
One interesting theory posits that petroglyphs may have functioned as navigational aids for the early Polynesian voyagers. Given Hawaii’s remote location in the Pacific and the vast distances between islands, this idea holds some merit. The petroglyphs could have acted as maps or guides for travelers, helping them find their way across the ocean.
Petroglyph Sites in Hawaii
Several petroglyph sites can be found throughout the Hawaiian Islands, each offering a unique window into the past. Here are a few notable locations:
- Pu’u Loa, Hawaii Island: This site, located within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, boasts over 23,000 petroglyphs, making it the largest concentration of kii pohaku in Hawaii. The images found here range from human figures to intricate geometric designs. A 1.5-mile round-trip hike will take you to the viewing platform, where you can observe these ancient carvings up close.
- Waikoloa Petroglyph Reserve, Hawaii Island: Situated in the Waikoloa Beach Resort area, this site contains more than 3,000 petroglyphs. The petroglyph field is easily accessible via a short hike, and many of the carvings depict humans, animals, and other mysterious symbols.
- Nu’alolo Kai, Kauai: This remote and difficult-to-access site on the Na Pali Coast is home to an impressive collection of petroglyphs. The carvings here mainly depict human and animal figures and are found along the cliff faces and boulders near the shoreline. The area is also an ancient Hawaiian village and has several cultural sites. Access to Nu’alolo Kai is by permit only, and visitors must either kayak or take a guided boat tour to reach the site.
- Pu’u Keka’a (Black Rock), Maui: Located on the northwest side of Maui near Ka’anapali Beach, Pu’u Keka’a holds spiritual significance for Hawaiians. The site features a few petroglyphs, primarily of human figures and animals. It is also believed to be a leina ka ‘uhane, a place where spirits leap into the afterlife. Due to its cultural importance, visitors are asked to treat the site with respect.
- Lanai Petroglyphs, Lanai: The island of Lanai contains several petroglyph sites, with the most famous being Luahiwa and Shipwreck Beach. Luahiwa features hundreds of petroglyphs, many of which depict human and animal figures. Shipwreck Beach, on the northeastern coast, has a smaller collection of petroglyphs, but the site also offers a stunning view of the surrounding islands.
Preserving Hawaii’s Petroglyphs
Petroglyphs are a fragile and irreplaceable part of Hawaii’s cultural heritage. Efforts are being made to preserve these ancient carvings for future generations. The State of Hawaii and organizations like the National Park Service work to protect and maintain the petroglyph sites, while also educating the public about their importance.
When visiting petroglyph sites, please remember to treat them with respect. Do not touch the carvings, as the oils from your skin can damage the rock surfaces. Avoid walking on or near the petroglyphs, and always stay on designated trails. By following these guidelines, you can help ensure that these priceless pieces of Hawaii’s history remain intact for generations to come.
Hawaii’s petroglyphs offer a fascinating glimpse into the lives and beliefs of the ancient Hawaiians. These enigmatic carvings continue to captivate and mystify us, providing a unique connection to the past. Whether you’re a history buff, an art enthusiast, or simply curious about the islands’ rich cultural heritage, visiting these petroglyph sites is an unforgettable experience.
Scott Sweeney is the creator of Virtual Hawaii 360. Scott is a professional marketer and a lifelong Hawaii enthusiast. Scott splits time between Oahu and Dayton, Ohio. In addition to his marketing endevours, he is also a published Ukulele musician.